List of Japanese monarchs

Imperial House of Japan
Imperial Seal of Japan.svg

  • HIH The Prince Hitachi
    HIH The Princess Hitachi

HIH The Prince Mikasa
HIH The Princess Mikasa

  • HIH Prince Tomohito of Mikasa
    HIH Princess Tomohito of Mikasa
    • HIH Princess Akiko of Mikasa
    • HIH Princess Yōko of Mikasa
  • HIH The Prince Katsura
  • HIH The Princess Takamado
    • HIH Princess Tsuguko of Takamado
    • HIH Princess Noriko of Takamado
    • HIH Princess Ayako of Takamado

The following is a traditional list of Emperors of Japan. Dates for the first 28 emperors, and especially the first 16, are based on the Japanese Calendar system. It is unlikely that the state of Japan was actually founded in 660 BC; see also Asuka period, Himiko. A list of other Japanese calling themselves or being called emperors (追尊天皇, 尊称天皇, 異説に天皇とされる者, 天皇に準ずる者, 自称天皇) can be seen in the Japanese wikipedia page 天皇の一覧(List of Japanese monarchs).

Contents

List of emperors of Japan

# Reign Posthumous name Personal name (imina) Notes
Legendary Emperors
1 660 BC585 BC Emperor Jimmu Kamuyamato Iwarebiko Presumed Legendary; claimed descent from the sun goddess, Amaterasu[1]
2 581 BC549 BC Emperor Suizei Kamu Nunagawamimi no Mikoto Presumed Legendary.[2]
3 549 BC511 BC Emperor Annei Shikitsuhiko Tamademi no Mikoto Presumed Legendary.[3]
4 510 BC–476 BC Emperor Itoku Oho Yamatohiko Sukitomo no Mikoto Presumed Legendary.[3]
5 475 BC–393 BC Emperor Kōshō Mimatsuhiko Kaesine no Mikoto Presumed Legendary.[4]
6 392 BC–291 BC Emperor Kōan Oho Yamato Tarasihiko Kuniosi Hito no Mikoto Presumed Legendary.[5]
7 290 BC215 BC Emperor Kōrei Oho Yamato Nekohiko Futoni no Mikoto Presumed Legendary.[6]
8 214 BC158 BC Emperor Kōgen Oho Yamato Nekohiko Kuni Kuru no Mikoto Presumed Legendary.[7]
9 157 BC98 BC Emperor Kaika Waka Yamato Nekohiko Oho Bibino no Mikoto Presumed Legendary.[8]
10 97 BC30 BC Emperor Sujin Mimaki Irihiko Inie no Mikoto Presumed Legendary.[9]
11 29 BC70 AD Emperor Suinin Ikume Irihiko Isachi no Mikoto Presumed Legendary.[10]
12 71130 Emperor Keikō Oho Tarasihiko Osirowake no Mikoto Presumed Legendary.[11]
13 131191 Emperor Seimu Waka Tarasihiko Presumed Legendary.[12]
14 192200 Emperor Chūai Tarasi Nakatsuhiko no Mikoto Presumed Legendary.[13]
201269 Empress Jingū Okinaga Tarashihime no Mikoto Presumed Legendary; interregnum.[14]
Kofun Period
15 270310 Emperor Ōjin Fondano Miko no Mikoto / Otomowake no Mikoto / Humudawake no Mikoto Last proto-historical emperor, deified as Hachiman.[15]
16 313399 Emperor Nintoku Oho Sazaki no Mikoto Inaccurate dates.[16]
17 400405 Emperor Richū Isaho Wake no Mikoto Inaccurate dates.[17]
18 406410 Emperor Hanzei Tajihi Mizuha Wake no Mikoto Inaccurate dates.[18]
19 411453 Emperor Ingyō Wo Asazuma Wakugo no Sukune Inaccurate dates.[19]
20 453456 Emperor Ankō Anaho no Mikoto Inaccurate dates.[20]
21 456479 Emperor Yūryaku Oho Hatsuse Wakatakeru no Mikoto Inaccurate dates.[21]
22 480484 Emperor Seinei Siraka Takehiro Kuni Osi Waka Yamato Neko no Mikoto Inaccurate dates.[22]
23 485487 Emperor Kenzō Ohoke no Mikoto Inaccurate dates.[23]
24 488498 Emperor Ninken Ohosi(Ohosu) no Mikoto/ Simano Iratsuko Inaccurate dates.[24]
25 498506 Emperor Buretsu Wohatsuse Wakasazaki Inaccurate dates.[25]
26 507531 Emperor Keitai Ōto/Hikofuto (Hikofuto no Mikoto/Ōdo no Sumera Mikoto) Possible founder of new dynasty.[26]
27 531535 Emperor Ankan Hirokuni Oshitake Kanahi no Mikoto Inaccurate dates.[27]
28 535539 Emperor Senka Takeo Hirokuni Oshitate no Mikoto Inaccurate dates.[28]
Asuka period (592-710)
29 539571 Emperor Kimmei Amekuni Oshiharuki Hironiwa no Sumera Mikoto Traditional dates.[29]
30 572585 Emperor Bidatsu Osada no Nunakura no Futotamashiki no Mikoto Traditional dates.[30]
31 585587 Emperor Yōmei Ooe/Tachibana no Toyohi no Sumera Mikoto Traditional dates.[31]
32 587592 Emperor Sushun Hatsusebe no (Wakasasagi) Mikoto Traditional dates.[32]
33 592628 Empress Suiko Nukatabe/Toyomike Kashikiyahime First non-legendary female emperor (Prince Shotoku acted as her regent); traditional dates.[33]
34 629641 Emperor Jomei Tamura (Oki Nagatarashihi Hironuka no Sumera Mikoto) Traditional dates.[34]
35 642645 Empress Kōgyoku Takara (Ame Toyotakaraikashi Hitarashi Hime no Sumera Mikoto) Traditional dates,[35] reigned twice
36 645654 Emperor Kōtoku Karu (Ame Yorozu Toyohi no Sumera Mikoto) Traditional dates.[36]
37 655661 Empress Saimei Takara (Ame Toyotakaraikashi Hitarashi Hime no Sumera Mikoto) Second reign of Empress Kōgyoku (35), traditional dates.[37]
38 661672 Emperor Tenji Katsuragi/Nakano-ooe (Ame Mikoto Hirakasuwake no Mikoto/Amatsu Mikoto Sakiwake no Mikoto) Traditional dates.[38]
39 672 Emperor Kōbun Ōtomo Posthumously named (1870),[39] usurped by Temmu
40 672686 Emperor Temmu Ōama/Ohoshiama/Ōsama (Ame no Nunahara Oki no Mahito no Sumera Mikoto) Traditional dates.[40]
41 686697 Empress Jitō Unonosarara (Takama no Harahiro no Hime no Sumera Mikoto) Traditional dates.[41]
42 697707 Emperor Mommu Karu (Ame no Mamune Toyoohoji no Sumera Mikoto) Traditional dates.[42]
43 707715 Empress Gemmei Ahe (Yamatoneko Amatsu Mishiro Toyokuni Narihime no Sumera Mikoto) Traditional dates.[43]
Nara Period (710-794)
43 707715 Empress Gemmei Ahe (Yamatoneko Amatsu Mishiro Toyokuni Narihime no Sumera Mikoto) Traditional dates.[44]
44 715724 Empress Genshō Hidaka/Niinomi (Yamatoneko Takamizu Kiyotarashi Hime no Sumera Mikoto) Traditional dates.[45]
45 724749 Emperor Shōmu Obito (Ameshirushi Kunioshiharuki Toyosakurahiko no Sumera Mikoto) Traditional dates.[46]
46 749758 Empress Kōken Abe (Yamatoneko no Sumera Mikoto) Traditional dates,[47] reigned twice
47 758764 Emperor Junnin Ōi Posthumously named (1870),[48] dethroned by Shōtoku
48 764770 Empress Shōtoku Abe (Yamatoneko no Sumera Mikoto) Second reign of Empress Kōken (46), traditional dates.[49]
49 770781 Emperor Kōnin Shirakabe (Amemune Takatsugi no Mikoto) Traditional dates.[50]
50 781806 Emperor Kammu Yamabe (Yamatoneko Amatsu Hitsugi Iyaderi no Mikoto) Traditional dates.[51]
Heian Period (794-1185)
50 781806 Emperor Kammu Yamabe (Yamatoneko Amatsu Hitsugi Iyaderi no Mikoto) Traditional dates.[52]
51 806809 Emperor Heizei Ate (Yamatoneko Ameoshikuni Takahiko no Mikoto) Traditional dates.[53]
52 809823 Emperor Saga Kamino Traditional dates.[54]
53 823833 Emperor Junna Ōtomo Traditional dates.[55]
54 833850 Emperor Ninmyō Masara Traditional dates.[56]
55 850858 Emperor Montoku Michiyasu Traditional dates.[57]
56 858876 Emperor Seiwa Korehito Traditional dates.[58]
57 876884 Emperor Yōzei Sadaakira Traditional dates.[59]
58 884887 Emperor Kōkō Tokiyasu Traditional dates.[60]
59 887897 Emperor Uda Sadami Traditional dates.[61]
60 897930 Emperor Daigo Atsuhito Traditional dates.[62]
61 930946 Emperor Suzaku Yutaakira Traditional dates.[63]
62 946967 Emperor Murakami Nariakira Traditional dates.[64]
63 967969 Emperor Reizei Norihira Traditional dates.[65]
64 969984 Emperor En'yū Morihira Traditional dates.[66]
65 984986 Emperor Kazan Morosada Traditional dates.[67]
66 9861011 Emperor Ichijō Yasuhito/Kanehito Traditional dates.[68]
67 10111016 Emperor Sanjō Okisada/Iyasada Traditional dates.[69]
68 10161036 Emperor Go-Ichijō Atsuhira Traditional dates.[70]
69 10361045 Emperor Go-Suzaku Atsunaga/Atsuyoshi Traditional dates.[71]
70 10451068 Emperor Go-Reizei Chikahito Traditional dates.[72]
71 10681073 Emperor Go-Sanjō Takahito Traditional dates.[73]
72 10731086 Emperor Shirakawa Sadahito Traditional dates.[74]
73 10871107 Emperor Horikawa Taruhito Traditional dates.[75]
74 11071123 Emperor Toba Munehito Traditional dates.[76]
75 11231142 Emperor Sutoku Akihito Traditional dates.[77]
76 11421155 Emperor Konoe Narihito Traditional dates.[78]
77 11551158 Emperor Go-Shirakawa Masahito Traditional dates.[79]
78 11581165 Emperor Nijō Morihito Traditional dates.[80]
79 11651168 Emperor Rokujō Yorihito Traditional dates.[81]
80 11681180 Emperor Takakura Norihito Traditional dates.[81]
81 11801185 Emperor Antoku Tokihito Traditional dates.[82]
Kamakura Period (1185-1333)
82 11831198 Emperor Go-Toba Takahira Traditional dates.[83]
83 11981210 Emperor Tsuchimikado Tamehito Traditional dates.[84]
84 12101221 Emperor Juntoku Morihira/Morinari Traditional dates.[85]
85 1221 Emperor Chūkyō Kanehira/Kanenari Pothumously named (1870).[86] unthroned
86 12211232 Emperor Go-Horikawa Yutahito Traditional dates.[87]
87 12321242 Emperor Shijō Mitsuhito/Hidehito Traditional dates.[88]
88 12421246 Emperor Go-Saga Kunihito Traditional dates.[89]
89 12461260 Emperor Go-Fukakusa Hisahito Traditional dates.[90]
90 12601274 Emperor Kameyama Tsunehito Traditional dates.[91]
91 12741287 Emperor Go-Uda Yohito Traditional dates.[92]
92 12871298 Emperor Fushimi Hirohito Traditional dates.[93]
93 12981301 Emperor Go-Fushimi Tanehito Traditional dates.[94]
94 13011308 Emperor Go-Nijō Kuniharu Traditional dates.[95]
95 13081318 Emperor Hanazono Tomihito Traditional dates.[96]
96 13181339 Emperor Go-Daigo Takaharu Traditional dates;[97] Southern Court
Northern Court (1333-1392)
13311333 Emperor Kōgon Kazuhito [98]
13361348 Emperor Kōmyō Yutahito [99]
13481351 Emperor Sukō Okihito [100]
13511352 Interregnum
13521371 Emperor Go-Kōgon Iyahito [101]
13711382 Emperor Go-En'yū Ohito [102]
13821392 Emperor Go-Komatsu Motohito Reunified courts in 1392, see 100 below[103]
Muromachi Period (1333-1573)
96 13181339 Emperor Go-Daigo Takaharu Traditional dates;[104] Southern Court
97 13391368 Emperor Go-Murakami Norinaga/Noriyoshi [105] Southern Court
98 13681383 Emperor Chōkei Yutanari [106] Southern Court
99 13831392 Emperor Go-Kameyama Hironari [107] Southern Court
100 13921412 Emperor Go-Komatsu Motohito Reunified courts, see also entry in Northern Court section.[108]
101 14121428 Emperor Shōkō Mihito Traditional dates.[109]
102 14281464 Emperor Go-Hanazono Hikohito Traditional dates.[110]
103 14641500 Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado Fusahito Traditional dates.[111]
104 15001526 Emperor Go-Kashiwabara Katsuhito Traditional dates.[112]
105 15261557 Emperor Go-Nara Tomohito Traditional dates.[113]
106 15571586 Emperor Ōgimachi Michihito Traditional dates.[114]
Azuchi-Momoyama Period (1573-1603)
106 15571586 Emperor Ōgimachi Michihito Traditional dates.[115]
107 15861611 Emperor Go-Yōzei Kazuhito/Katahito Traditional dates.[116]
Edo Period (1603-1868)
107 15861611 Emperor Go-Yōzei Kazuhito/Katahito Traditional dates.[117]
108 16111629 Emperor Go-Mizunoo
(Go-Minoo)
Kotohito Traditional dates.[118]
109 16291643 Empress Meishō Okiko Traditional dates.[119]
110 16431654 Emperor Go-Kōmyō Tsuguhito Traditional dates.[120]
111 16551663 Emperor Go-Sai Nagahito Traditional dates.[121]
112 16631687 Emperor Reigen Satohito Traditional dates.[122]
113 16871709 Emperor Higashiyama Asahito Traditional dates.[123]
114 17091735 Emperor Nakamikado Yasuhito Traditional dates.[124]
115 17351747 Emperor Sakuramachi Teruhito Traditional dates.[125]
116 17471762 Emperor Momozono Toohito Traditional dates.[126]
117 17621771 Empress Go-Sakuramachi Toshiko Traditional dates.[127]
118 17711779 Emperor Go-Momozono Hidehito Traditional dates.[128]
119 17801817 Emperor Kōkaku Tomohito Traditional dates.[129]
120 18171846 Emperor Ninkō Ayahito Traditional dates.[130]
121 18461867 Emperor Kōmei Osahito
122 18671912 Emperor Meiji Mutsuhito First emperor of the Empire of Japan.
Prewar Period (1868-1945)
122 18671912 Emperor Meiji Mutsuhito First emperor of the Empire of Japan.
123 19121926 Emperor Taishō Yoshihito
124 19261989 Emperor Shōwa Hirohito Last emperor of the Empire of Japan.
Postwar Period (1945-present)
124 19261989 Emperor Shōwa Hirohito Last emperor of the Empire of Japan.
125 1989–present None Akihito Referred to as 'the Present Emperor' or Tenno Heika (i.e. His Majesty the Emperor) in Japanese and as Emperor Akihito in English. After his death, he will presumably be renamed Emperor Heisei.

Notes

Japan

This article is part of the series:
Politics and government of
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  1. Brown, Delmer et al. (1979). Gukanshō, p. 249; Varley, Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki, pp. 84-88; Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du japon, pp. 1-3.
  2. Brown, pp. 250-251; Varley, pp.88-89; Titisingh, pp. 3-4.
  3. 3.0 3.1 Brown, p. 251; Varley, p. 89; Titsingh, p. 4.
  4. Brown, p. 251; Varley, p. 90; Titsingh, pp. 4-5.
  5. Brown, pp. 251-252; Varley, p. 90; Titsingh, p. 5.
  6. Brown, p. 252; Varley, pp. 90-92; Titsingh, pp. 5-6.
  7. Brown, p. 251; Varley, pp. 92-93; Titsingh, p. 6.
  8. Brown, p. 251; Varley, p. 93; Titsingh, pp. 6-7.
  9. Brown, p. 253; Varley, pp. 93-95; Titsingh, pp. 7-9.
  10. Brown, pp. 253-254; Varley, pp. 95-96; Titsingh, pp. 9-10.
  11. Brown, p. 254; Varley, pp. 96-99; Titsingh, pp. 11-14.
  12. Brown, p. 254; Varley, pp. 99-100; Titsingh, pp. 14-15.
  13. Brown, pp. 254-255; Varley, pp. 100-101; Titsingh, p. 15.
  14. Brown, p. 255; Varley, pp. 101-103; Titsingh, pp. 16-19.
  15. Brown, pp. 255-256; Varley, pp. 17, 103-110; Titsingh, pp. 19-21.
  16. Brown, pp. 256-257; Varley, pp. 110-111; Titsingh, pp. 22-24.
  17. Brown, p. 257; Varley, p. 111; Titsingh, pp. 24-25.
  18. Brown, p. 257; Varley, p. 112; Titsingh, p. 25.
  19. Brown, pp. 257-258; Varley, p. 112; Titsingh, p. 26.
  20. Brown, p. 258; Varley, p. 113; Titsingh, p. 26.
  21. Brown, p. 258; Varley, pp. 113-115; Titsingh, pp. 27-28.
  22. Brown, p. 258-259; Varley, pp. 115-116; Titsingh, pp. 28-29.
  23. Brown, p. 259; Varley, p. 116; Titsingh, pp. 29-30.
  24. Brown, pp. 259-260; Varley, p. 117; Titsingh, p. 30.
  25. Brown, p. 260; Varley, pp. 117-118; Titsingh, p. 31.
  26. Brown, pp. 260-261; Varley, pp. 17-18, 119-120; Titsingh, p. 31-32.
  27. Brown, p. 261; Varley, pp. 120-121; Brown, p. 261; Titsingh, p. 33.
  28. Brown, p. 261; Varley, p. 121; Titsingh, p. 33-34.
  29. Brown, pp. 261-262; Varley, pp. 123-124; Titsingh, p. 34-36.
  30. Varley, pp. 124-125; Brown, pp. 262-263; Titsingh, p. 36-37.
  31. Brown, p. 263; Varley, pp. 125-126; Titsingh, p. 37-38.
  32. Brown, p. 263; Varley, p. 126; Titsingh, p. 38-39.
  33. Brown, pp. 263-264; Varley, pp. 126-129; Titsingh, pp. 39-42.
  34. Brown, pp. 264-265; Varley, pp. 129-130; Titsingh, pp. 42-43.
  35. Brown, pp. 265-266; Varley, pp. 130-132; Titsingh, pp. 43-47.
  36. Brown, pp. 266-267; Varley, pp. 132-133; Titsingh, pp. 47-50.
  37. Brown, p. 267; Varley, pp. 133-134; Titsingh, pp. 50-52.
  38. Brown, p. 268; Varley, p. 135; Titsingh, pp. 52-56.
  39. Brown, pp. 268-269; Varley, pp. 135-136; Titsingh, pp. 56-58.
  40. Brown, pp. 268-269; Varley, pp. 135-136; Titsingh, pp. 58-59.
  41. Brown, pp. 269-270; Varley, pp. 136-137; Titsingh, pp. 59-60.
  42. Brown, pp. 270-271; Varley, pp. 137-140; Titsingh, pp. 60-63.
  43. Brown, p. 271; Varley, p. 140; Titsingh, pp. 63-65.
  44. Brown, p. 271; Varley, p. 140; Titsingh, pp. 63-65.
  45. Brown, p. 271-272; Varley, pp. 140-141; Titsingh, pp. 65-67.
  46. Brown, pp. 272-273; Varley, pp. 141-143; Titsingh, pp. 67-73.
  47. Brown, pp. 274-275; Varley, p. 143; Titsingh, pp. 73-75.
  48. Brown, p. 275; Varley, pp. 143-144; Titsingh, pp. 75-78.
  49. Brown, p. 276; Varley, pp. 144-147; Titsingh, pp. 78-81.
  50. Brown, p. 276-277; Varley, pp. 147-148; Titsingh, pp. 81-85.
  51. Brown, pp. 277-279; Varley, pp. 148-150; Titsingh, pp. 86-95.
  52. Brown, pp. 277-279; Varley, pp. 148-150; Titsingh, pp. 86-95.
  53. Brown, pp. 279-280; Varley, p. 151; Titsingh, pp. 96-97.
  54. Brown, pp. 280-282; Varley, pp. 151-164; Titsingh, pp. 97-102.
  55. Brown, p. 282-283; Varley, p. 164; Titsingh, pp. 103-106.
  56. Brown, pp. 283-284; Varley, pp. 164-165; Titsingh, pp. 106-112.
  57. Brown, pp. 285-286; Varley, p. 165; Titsingh, pp. 112-115.
  58. Brown, pp. 286-288; Varley, pp. 166-170; Titsingh, pp. 115-121.
  59. Brown, pp. 288-289; Varley, pp. 170-171; Titsingh, pp. 121-124.
  60. Brown, p. 289; Varley, pp. 171-175; Titsingh, pp. 124-125.
  61. Brown, p. 289-290; Varley, pp. 175-179; Titsingh, pp. 125-129.
  62. Brown, pp. 290-293; Varley, pp. 179-181; Titsingh, pp. 129-134.
  63. Brown, pp. 294-295; Varley, pp. 181-183; Titsingh, pp. 134-138.
  64. Brown, pp. 295-298; Varley, pp. 183-190; Titsingh, pp. 139-142.
  65. Brown, p. 298; Varley, pp. 190-191; Titsingh, pp. 142-143.
  66. Brown, pp. 299-300; Varley, pp. 191-192; Titsingh, pp. 144-148.
  67. Brown, pp. 300-302; Varley, p. 192; Titsingh, pp. 148-149.
  68. Brown, pp. 302-307; Varley, pp. 192-195; Titsingh, pp. 150-154.
  69. Brown, p. 307; Varley, p. 195; Titsingh, pp. 154-155.
  70. Brown, pp. 307-310; Varley, pp. 195-196; Titsingh, pp. 156-160.
  71. Brown, pp. 310-311; Varley, p. 197; Titsingh, pp. 160-162.
  72. Brown, pp. 311-314; Varley, pp. 197-198; Titsingh, pp. 162-166.
  73. Brown, pp. 314-315; Varley, pp. 198-199; Titsingh, pp. 166-168.
  74. Brown, pp. 315-317; Varley, pp. 199-202; Titsingh, pp. 169-171.
  75. Brown, pp. 317-320; Varley, p. 202; Titsingh, pp. 172-178.
  76. Brown, pp. 320-322; Varley, pp. 203-204; Titsingh, pp. 178-181.
  77. Brown, pp. 322-324; Varley, pp. 204-205; Titsingh, pp. 181-185.
  78. Brown, pp. 324-326; Varley, p. 205; Titsingh, pp. 186-188.
  79. Brown, p. 326-327; Varley, pp. 205-208; Titsingh, pp. 188-190.
  80. Brown, pp. 327-329; Varley, pp. 208-212; Titsingh, pp. 191-194.
  81. 81.0 81.1 Brown, pp. 329-330; Varley, p. 212; Titsingh, pp. 194-195.
  82. Brown, pp. 333-334; Varley, pp. 214-215; Titsingh, pp. 200-207.
  83. Brown, pp. 334-339; Varley, pp. 215-220; Titsingh, pp. 207-221.
  84. Brown, pp. 339-341; Varley, pp 220; Titsingh, pp. 221-230.
  85. Brown, pp. 341-343, Varley, pp. 221-223; Titsingh, pp 230-238.
  86. Brown, pp. 343-344; Varley, pp. 223-226; Titsingh, pp. 236-238.
  87. Brown, pp. 344-349; Varley, pp. 226-227; Titsingh, pp. 238-241.
  88. Varley, p. 227; Titsingh, pp. 242-245.
  89. Varley, pp. 228-231; Titsingh, pp. 245-247.
  90. Varley, pp. 231-232; Titsingh, pp. 248-253.
  91. Varley, pp. 232-233; Titsingh, pp. 253-261.
  92. Varley, pp. 233-237; Titsingh, pp. 262-269.
  93. Varley, pp. 237-238; Titsingh, pp. 269-274.
  94. Varley, pp. 238-239; Titsingh, pp. 274-275.
  95. Varley, p. 239; Titsingh, pp. 275-278.
  96. Varley, pp. 239-241; Titsingh, pp. 278-281.
  97. Varley, pp. 241-269; Titsingh, pp. 281-286, and Titsingh, p. 290-294.
  98. Titsingh, p. 286-289.
  99. Titsingh, pp. 294-298.
  100. Titsingh, pp. 298-301.
  101. Titsingh, pp. 302-309.
  102. Titsingh, pp. 310-316.
  103. Titsingh, pp. 317- .
  104. Varley, pp. 241-269; Titsingh, pp. 281-286, and Titsingh, p. 290-294.
  105. Varley, pp. 269-270 | Titsingh, p. .
  106. Titsingh, p. .
  107. [Titsingh, p. ]-320.
  108. Titsingh, pp. 320-327.
  109. Titsingh, pp. 327-331.
  110. Titsingh, pp. 331-351.
  111. Titsingh, pp. 352-364.
  112. Titsingh, pp. 364-372.
  113. Titsingh, pp. 372-382.
  114. Titsingh, pp. 382-402.
  115. Titsingh, pp. 382-402.
  116. Titsingh, pp. 402-409.
  117. Titsingh, pp. 402-409.
  118. Titsingh, pp. 410-411.
  119. Titsingh, pp. 411-412.
  120. Titsingh, pp. 412-413.
  121. Titsingh, p. 413.
  122. Titsingh, pp. 414-415.
  123. Titsingh, pp. 415-416.
  124. Titsingh, pp. 416-417.
  125. Titsingh, pp. 417-418.
  126. Titsingh, pp. 418-419.
  127. Titsingh, p. 419.
  128. Titsingh, pp. 419-420.
  129. Titsingh, pp. 420-421.
  130. Titsingh, p. 421.

References

See also

External links